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Artificial Intelligence is the discipline of thinking machines
artificial-intelligence-head The field has had its ups and downs over the years, we have seen many "AI Winters" come and go. But things are different now. The use of AI is growing dramatically with the proliferation of high powered computers into homes and businesses and especially with the growing power of smartphones and other mobile devices.
When it it time to research the great providers of Artificial Intelligence capabilities, kick off  your search in our Disruptive Technology Finder.

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The Ethics Of AI and Big Data: Facebook and Cambridge Analytica Are Writing New Case Studies For Us All

The term “Big Data” has been around quite a while (see a short history of Big Data here), but really came into mainstream discussion in 2007 (which also happens to be the first year CTOvision used the word). The phrase had an important role in helping many of us think through new architectures for how to store and analyze data. Things were different from data storage and analysis of the past and the term helped us conceptualize some of that difference.

Part of what was different was the implications of privacy that many of us saw coming. Few were as prescient as Kord Davis, who ran a series here on the Ethics of Big Data (which was also the topic of a book he published in 2012 by the same title). Lots of us are thinking about Kord’s words of wisdom these days. Techies everywhere, especially data scientists, have also long been tracking the ideas of DJ Patil, the first US Chief Data Scientist, who has advocated that data scientists and executives and leaders of all types understand the ethical dimension of what we are doing. DJ captured many elegant thoughts on this topic in a widely read post on medium at “A Code of Ethics For Data Scientists.”

DJ and Kord are not alone. Many technologists, business leaders, politicians, academics informed citizens have been tracking these issues for years.

Then all of a sudden, surprise surprise surprise. On 17 March 2018, The Guardian  reported that a political research and data science firm called Cambridge Analytica had inappropriately harvested data from the Facebook profiles of over 50 million of us who had not provided consent for their data to be used for political and psychological profiling.

In discussion with techies, as well as with my surveillance of the social media of many I admire, it seems few were really surprised that this sort of thing happened. Similar things seem to happen all the time, including data from Facebook being used for multiple political research efforts and campaigns over many years.

Some context from friends via Twitter:

https://twitter.com/mtanji/status/976576577571098624

A point I would make for all of us who strive to learn the potential of technology: We should all take it as a duty to consider not just our own ethics, but how to inform others on the potential damage that can be done by data. This includes, unfortunately, the potential for damage when the data is being used in exactly the way it was designed to be used.

Another point: Humanity can fix this stuff. It will take collective action, which can and probably should include government regulation. But we can fix it.

As We May Think: Vannevar Bush’s 1945 Essay still provides great motivational concepts for advancing science

BushAtWorkMany of us today are seeking ideas on how to deal with the massive, overwhelming deluge of data and information, both at work and at home. If that describes you, one recommendation I have is this: If you want a new idea, turn to history. One great icon of this info age, Vannevar Bush (1890-1974), may have insights that surprise and inform you. At a minimum you should find it inspirational that humans have always had great thinkers that can apply deep thought to big problems, and perhaps he will inspire you to create the solutions we need today.

Vannevar Bush is a pioneer remembered for many things. He was an engineer, scientist and an educator of greats (including the great Claude Shannon). He is also credited with leading the response of science in support of national security prior to and during World War II. He was the President’s science advisor and head of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the war, and was a champion of the Manhattan Project.

One of his most famous essays was first published in The Atlantic in 1945. It is Titled “As We May Think.” The entire piece is worth a read because of its importance as a historical document. But it is also fascinating to read his visions for information storage and retrieval. He also articulated goals for the scientific community that are motivational even today, calling on the scientists who helped win that great war for national survival to turn their minds to advancing humanity. It is really an awesome piece.

A favorite quote from the article:

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

An introductory excerpt:

Of what lasting benefit has been man’s use of science and of the new instruments which his research brought into existence? First, they have increased his control of his material environment. They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence. They have given him increased knowledge of his own biological processes so that he has had a progressive freedom from disease and an increased span of life. They are illuminating the interactions of his physiological and psychological functions, giving the promise of an improved mental health.

Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.

There is a growing mountain of research. But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends. The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers—conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear. Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.

In a particularly prescient paragraph he articulates the need for better ways make use of information:

The difficulty seems to be, not so much that we publish unduly in view of the extent and variety of present day interests, but rather that publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.

And he then did even more foreshadowing of the concept of “Big Data”, the coming deluge of massive amounts of information that humans cannot hope to analyze alone:

Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose. If the aggregate time spent in writing scholarly works and in reading them could be evaluated, the ratio between these amounts of time might well be startling. Those who conscientiously attempt to keep abreast of current thought, even in restricted fields, by close and continuous reading might well shy away from an examination calculated to show how much of the previous month’s efforts could be produced on call. Mendel’s concept of the laws of genetics was lost to the world for a generation because his publication did not reach the few who were capable of grasping and extending it; and this sort of catastrophe is undoubtedly being repeated all about us, as truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.

The difficulty seems to be, not so much that we publish unduly in view of the extent and variety of present day interests, but rather that publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.

But there are signs of a change as new and powerful instrumentalities come into use. Photocells capable of seeing things in a physical sense, advanced photography which can record what is seen or even what is not, thermionic tubes capable of controlling potent forces under the guidance of less power than a mosquito uses to vibrate his wings, cathode ray tubes rendering visible an occurrence so brief that by comparison a microsecond is a long time, relay combinations which will carry out involved sequences of movements more reliably than any human operator and thousands of times as fast—there are plenty of mechanical aids with which to effect a transformation in scientific records.

He then goes on to outline needs that through today’s lens look like he is calling for smartphones, home computers and the Internet itself.

And he doesn’t stop there. He moves on to discuss the contributions that computing machines can make to analysis.

The repetitive processes of thought are not confined however, to matters of arithmetic and statistics. In fact, every time one combines and records facts in accordance with established logical processes, the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the data and the process to be employed and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature and hence a fit matter to be relegated to the machine. Not so much has been done along these lines, beyond the bounds of arithmetic, as might be done, primarily because of the economics of the situation. The needs of business and the extensive market obviously waiting, assured the advent of mass-produced arithmetical machines just as soon as production methods were sufficiently advanced.

With machines for advanced analysis no such situation existed; for there was and is no extensive market; the users of advanced methods of manipulating data are a very small part of the population. There are, however, machines for solving differential equations—and functional and integral equations, for that matter. There are many special machines, such as the harmonic synthesizer which predicts the tides. There will be many more, appearing certainly first in the hands of the scientist and in small numbers.

If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability. The abacus, with its beads strung on parallel wires, led the Arabs to positional numeration and the concept of zero many centuries before the rest of the world; and it was a useful tool—so useful that it still exists.

For more you will want to check out The Atlantic. Good on them for keeping this essay alive for the future. Find it here.

Thiel, Hoffman, and Spiderman Ethics

The tech world is great for those that love to learn. Things are changing fast so learning is critical. One of the great ways to learn is to track the words of the creators of tech. Two of the great tech investor/creators, Peter Thiel and Reid Hoffman, recently sat down for a discussion moderated by historian Niall Ferguson of the Hoover Institution that provided fantastic context on a wide range of issues. They discuss and debate and argue topics like societal inequality, whether the Internet is a force for good or evil and even international politics and issues of war and peace.

Funny moment: Consider Thiel’s context on AI and Cryptocurrencies: “Crypto is decentralizing, AI is centralizing. Or, if you want to frame it more ideologically, crypto is libertarian and AI is communist.” Ha! The entire discussion underscored something else Thiel said when he described his view of the dynamic of good and evil in cyberspace: “I remain optimistic, but not utopian.”

I also loved Hoffman’s belief that Silicon Valley has been too focused on the future and not enough on the “now.” It was also good hearing his call for “Spider-Man” ethics for the tech industry, since it is true that with great power comes great responsibility.

The full video is long, but well worth it. Imagine you had an opportunity to spend an hour with Hoffman and Thiel. Would you do it? Of course you would!

Spend time with these great thinkers here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9Ts4_65hKk

Want The Government To Do Something About Cybersecurity or AI? Advocate Congress establish a permanent joint committee on information technology

The United States Congress Permanent Joint Committee on Information Technology does not exist, yet.

But with attack after attack against our nation’s IT systems the time has come to consider the idea.

First, some background on what a Joint Committee of Congress can be. Congress has great leeway in how it executes its constitutionally mandated responsibilities to legislate and fund. On some particularly thorny issues, joint committees which include members of both the House and Senate can be formed. Once in history, Congress decided there was an issue of such significant national importance that they passed a law establishing a permanent joint committee with legislative authority. This was the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE).

This joint committee was formed in response to both a dramatic threat and an incredible opportunity. The threat was the potential of nuclear war. The opportunity was the potential to use nuclear science to generate electricity to power cities as well as naval vessels, as well as opportunities to use nuclear science in medicine and industry. It was clear to congress at the time that success in response to the threat and success in gaining national benefit from nuclear energy would require a different way of doing things.

So, the response was the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946.

For over 30 years the Joint Committee this act set up provided bi-partisan solutions broadly supported and widely credited with bringing unity of effort to many multiple complex activities.

We are in need of such dramatic progress in how the nation leverages Information Technology that a similar approach may be required today. Consider, for example, some of the capabilities and powers of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE). The JCAE oversaw 100% of the executive branch’s involvement in atomic energy and nuclear weapons, and provided the legislative framework governing research into nuclear science throughout the country. Here is some additional important/relevant context to consider (from Wikipedia):

The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) was a United States congressional committee that was tasked with exclusive jurisdiction over “all bills, resolutions, and other matters” related to civilian and military aspects of nuclear power from 1946 through 1977. It was established by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and was the overseer of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. For its broad powers, it is described as one of the most powerful congressional committees in U.S. history. It was the only permanent joint committee in modern times to have legislative authority.

The panel coupled these legislative powers with exclusive access to the information upon which its highly secretive deliberations were based. The joint committee was also entitled by statute to be kept “fully and currently informed” of all commission activities and vigorously exercised that statutory right, demanding information and attention from the executive branch in a fashion that arguably has no equivalent today.

One major power wielded by the JCAE was the “Legislative Veto.” This unique power enabled the JCAE to influence policy decisions while matters were pending. This enabled the JCAE to act as a co-decision maker with the executive branch rather than only providing congressional oversight of actions that had already occurred. The legislative veto power was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1983.

During the 1970s, the committee’s role in shaping nuclear policy began to diminish after the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was created to replace the Atomic EnergyCommission. Congress soon transferred the bulk of the joint committee’s jurisdiction over civilian nuclear power to other standing congressional committees in the House and Senate. The joint committee was finally abolished on August 5, 1977.

I’m hoping you find that information important background as you think through the right structures our nation should put into place to help us deal with the modern world of interconnected Information Technology.

So lets continue with the analogy for a moment.

Like in the early days of the nuclear age, today we face both a challenge and an opportunity.

The challenge is one most today call the cyber threat, which is huge, and growing, and hard for humans to realize and mentally deal with (see this on Cyber Threat Amnesia). The opportunity is one many today call the IT revolution, but others call web2.0, gov2.0, or just the optimized benefits of the information age. This IT revolution includes the wave of capabilities under the broad umbrella of Artificial Intelligence, something the nation really needs to get right.

In both response to the threat and the ability to reap the benefits of IT we are lacking as a nation. Regarding the threat: Criminals violate the personal privacy of our citizens through cyber snooping and attacks, organizations steal corporate intellectual property (which hurts in our ability to create jobs and value), terrorists gain advantage through use of IT, and nation states conduct espionage stealing our secrets. Cyber crime costs billions of dollars, perhaps trillions. And every logical strategy, technology and technique tried by the executive branch and smart industry leaders has fallen short. Something else must be done to address the cyber threat.

Our IT infrastructures and capabilities are known to produce benefits for our economy, but clearly we are sub optimized in our current approach. Our schools still teach the old way with almost no benefits from new technology. Most students have no more than a working knowledge of computers. And we turn out too few who can master IT. Economically, we have great unrealized potential in using IT to enable job growth and economic benefits while reducing cost of healthcare, cost of living and cost of education. Smart IT can also reduce cost of business and reduce the cost of goods to consumers. In the federal government, IT helps serve citizens but CIOs and CTOs struggle agency by agency to deliver value. Trends in “Big Data” and AI approaches to making sense over data hold great promise, but there are not coherent government-wide policies that can optimize these sensemaking activities. And multiple committees in both houses of congress try to exercise oversight over agencies and programs, but the federal enterprises have a mixed record of being able to deliver on the promise of IT. Meanwhile China seems to be way ahead of us in key infrastructure areas like roll-out of IPv6 and 5G. And although there are great areas of progress being made in domains like commercial Internet from space, much of that seems

But if we keep doing things the same old way, we are going to get the same old results, don’t you think?

Maybe what we need is a better framework of laws, a smarter ability to learn from and interact with our nation’s IT industry, and a smarter way to learn from and respond to our citizens. And maybe what we need is a smarter way to interact with nation’s globally. And maybe what we need is a better way to enable protection for our citizens, enhance training for our students, and enable all elements of our economy to achieve more through more powerful IT.

So, one option, by analogy:

United States Congress Permanent Joint Committee on Information Technology.

The basic concept is that Congress must do something dramatically different if it is to expect different results.  So must the executive branch.

Is a permanent joint committee on IT the right answer?  At this point it is hard to imagine that it could hurt.

Any thoughts about this recommendation?

 

Other related topics:

MicroSoft Fields Self Learning AI That Quickly Learns To Be Rude, Sexist and Racist

roy_batty

 

Tyrell: The light that burns twice as bright burns half as long – and you have burned so very, very brightly, Roy. Look at you: you’re the Prodigal Son; you’re quite a prize!

Batty: I’ve done… questionable things.

Tyrell: Also extraordinary things; revel in your time.

There are lessons to learn from Microsoft’s most recent public demonstration of AI.

First background: Microsoft launched a demonstration of their AI prowess by turning on “Tay”, an AI designed to converse with, learn from and mimic the speech patterns of humans.  Tay had to be terminated because in less than a day she started sending offensive messages. (see what is left of her at her website at Tay.ai).

It seems part of the problem was that Tay was influenced by people who were intentionally trying to cause mischief (Oh surprise! People using IT for mischief?). Tay was influenced by hate speech.

Tay’s last message to humanity: “Phew. Busy day. Going offline for a while to absorb it all. Chat soon.”

I wonder if Tay had a chance to see Blade Runner before she left us.

I’ve seen things you people wouldn’t believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhäuser Gate. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears…in…rain. Time to Die. — Replicant Roy Batty

Now just what do you think the lessons should be of this very public Artificial Intelligence fail?

I believe a key one is to underscore a point we have been consistently making: It is an observable fact that Artificial Intelligence can be deceived.

We have also long called for security frameworks to be associated with AI. Right now all AI is built with an approach of generate and field and tweak. Seems like it is time to think about security.

 

tay

Update On The Battle For Your Head: Videos capture nature of next gen consumer VR

playstation-vr-441475This post is a follow on to our report “The Battle For Your Head Is Underway: VR from Oculus, Sony, HTC/Valve competing at GDC2016”

So far we have seen nothing to change our overall conclusion. The Virtual Reality device you decide to select for your home or business use will depend on what you plan on doing with it. But your three basic choices are Oculus, Sony or HTC.  If you are a home user, hold on a while and get the Sony VR. If you are an enterprise user, go for the Oculus. Gamers will love the HTC, but hard core gamers will want all three.

Let me add also that many enterprise users will actually want to use not just Virtual Reality but Augmented Reality. There are many developments there to track.

We post four videos below to help you track some of the most insightful developments.

In professionally relevant Augmented Reality, Meta 2 provides an immersive augmented reality system with enormous potential. The device offers very high resolution views with a wide field of view and incredibly easy to operate, intuitive controls (it tracks your hands in free space). The video really needs to be seen to be believed. Do that at this link and embedded below:

Mark Zuckerberg just posted a video and an announcement saying 30 new video games will be available for the Oculus when it ships later this month. Zuckerberg calls it the best content lineup he has ever seen for the launch of a new gaming platform. For a first hand look at what is coming see the video at this link and embedded below:

Playstation VR looks great too, but it will not ship till October. Get a feel for what they are bringing by watching the video at this link and embedded below:

We are tracking the many commercial grade VR and AR devices as well. Stay tuned for more! To ensure you never miss a report sign up for our newsletters here.

 

 

A Conversation With Marc Andreessen: AI, Robotics, Jobs and Accelerating The Future

If you are an enterprise technologist or if you love thinking about the incredible future we can build for ourselves you no doubt already track the very interesting Marc Andreessen. His open sharing of views and context via his blog, on YouTube and his Twitter Feed are a great source of information for those seeking insights into the emerging tech scene and we recommend following him there for continuous context.

We had an opportunity to ask Marc for some clarifying thoughts on his views and present them in this two-part series. This first post is on AI, robotics and the future of jobs, the second dives into education, training and some concepts that may help us think through future uses of technology in our lives. A second post in this series will dive into some of the implications of future trends on education, training and our home lives.

Gourley: Marc can you provide any context that can help enterprise technologists think through the potential of disruptions to the workforce that come from advances in technology?

Andreessen: Disruptions like those of the last 300 years will certainly continue and they will continue to bring better, higher quality jobs.

Gourley: But there are those that say AI and Robotics and software that eats the world will destroy jobs.

Andreessen: There have always been those that say that and they have been proven wrong so consistently there are names for their specious thinking. In economic theory this is known as the “Lump of Labor Fallacy” which contends that the amount of work is a fixed sum. This is also at times called the “Luddite Fallacy” to draw attention to the early views of technology haters who thought that there would just be a limited amount of work and automating any of it would put the humans out of a job. Whatever you call this fallacy it has been debunked by real world observation. Technology produces jobs rather than destroying them, and it produces better, safer jobs and generates rising incomes.

Simply put, by applying technology to areas that have not had it before you get more output for the same input. This is the reason you do it, this results in industry that does more with less and generate more value by doing so. That value contributes to the overall economy. The efficiencies also builds new wealth and creates new markets for products and services and new businesses. In short, if you are concerned about job growth you should want more technology, not less.

There is plenty of evidence that underscores this, including the employment cycle we are going through right now. When unemployment was rising after 2008 the proponents of the Luddite Fallacy popped up again but innovation continued, and fortunately the results are clear. Job growth has been strong and positive. There are more new jobs in both the U.S. and globally than ever before.

Gourley: But there has been disruption, right? And all indications are that technology led change will continue to impact every industry and all levels of government.

Andreessen: If the past is any guide yes it continues and all indications are it accelerates.

Gourley: So what do we do to better prepare ourselves, especially our youth, for this change? Are there impacts on education?

Andreessen: This is a key question and one we don’t spend enough time on. To explore it I think we should first look at the premium that the world puts on education and training. The world is getting more and more connected and with that connectivity more of us can take advantage of great opportunities for advancement. But most opportunities will come to those with technical skills. The greatest pain and disruption will come to those who earn a living with unskilled labor. So clearly the positive approach to enhancing opportunities for more is through better, more ubiquitous education and skills training.

The global move is towards unskilled labor going away. This is another 300 year trend that is expected to continue and even accelerate. In farming, for example, the introduction of tractors meant less labor was required for plowing fields and many of those unskilled jobs were eliminated. Today in every industry there are unskilled jobs that will be increasingly downsized so those people who can only survive by unskilled labor will find that their hard lifestyle gets harder. Education and training can help those who currently do unskilled labor and is an absolute must for our youth.

Gourley: I have seen videos of mines, the largest mines in the world, operating with no miners, and that is a disruption, but it is hard to argue that society would want to keep sending people underground in this dangerous work. Is this what you mean?

Andreessen: Coal and other mining are on their way out for labor. The industry will become more efficient and productive by software and machine automation. Expect more skilled labor, designers, engineers, operators, analysts, but much less of the unskilled workforce. All of us should sympathize with those unskilled laborers who lose work because of this, but you are right that society should not be subjecting people to mining. It is unacceptable and years from now people will look back on us and wonder why we could ever consider not replacing those jobs as fast as we can. It is true we need to put thought into this disruption and create new things for people to do, but this will only work if we pay enough attention to education and training.

 

The second installment of this series will focus more on education, training and what to do to accelerate positive change. Get an early look by signing up for our newsletter, the CTOvision Daily.

Related Reading:

Cyber Strategy and the Dunning-Kruger Effect: Could some policymakers be too unskilled to recognize their ineptitude?

Comprehending Machine Intelligence: Research and Graphic by Shivon Zilis

Shivon Zilis is an investor at Bloomberg Beta, a very interesting early stage venture capital fund. I knew I would like Bloomberg Beta when I saw how they do their website. It is smart and reflects very well on their leadership team: They decided to leverage GitHub for their site. Doing so puts them one step closer to the creators that a VC in their space needs to know and is a great way to step out in a trust-based relationship. It is also a great way to be more transparent- they use GitHub to provide their entire operating manual for all to see.

But as an enterprise technologist I’m personally more interested in the types of firms VC’s invest in. And Bloomberg Beta is focused on themes of very high interest there. From their manual that includes:

  • Machine intelligence: Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, including both core technologies and industry applications
  • Networks and communities: Connecting professional networks other than office workers (especially those where most of the work is in mobile contexts)
  • New organizational models: Bringing software development methodologies to other applications (e.g., version control for the real world); design as a differentiator; unbundling of corporations
  • Human-computer interaction: Hardware companies with network effects
  • Media distribution: Over-the-top television
  • Content discovery: Self-development through professional skill development
  • Technology platforms: Exploiting the increasing power of the browser, and WebRTC in particular; exploring companion businesses to open source software
  • Data: Vertical applications and analytical tools that affect business decisions

Which brings me to Shivon’s context on Machine Intelligence.  She has spent a great deal of thought and time seeking to comprehend a large and evolving marketplace and provides a succinct overview in the graphic below:

 

mi-landscape-2.0-r9_update-f2048bd678f522066e294ba8233b6615

(click on the image for the full scale view)

To me the graphic is useful for several reasons. One is that with just a quick glance you can see this is a very broad market touching many industries and functions.  It also shows that it is possible to divide and categorize this complex field into sub components and that is a relief to see. It is also a good way to learn about firms you don’t know yet and that is always a pleasure. The field is still overwhelming, but thanks to this graphic it is a bit more understandable.

More from Shivon’s site http://shivonzilis.com:

A year ago, I published my original attempt at mapping the machine intelligence ecosystem. So much has happened since. I spent the last 12 months geeking out on every company and nibble of information I can find, chatting with hundreds of academics, entrepreneurs, and investors about machine intelligence. This year, given the explosion of activity, my focus is on highlighting areas of innovation, rather than on trying to be comprehensive. Figure 1 showcases the new landscape of machine intelligence as we enter 2016:

Despite the noisy hype, which sometimes distracts, machine intelligence is already being used in several valuable ways. Machine intelligence already helps us get the important business information we need more quickly, monitors critical systems, feeds our population more efficiently, reduces the cost of health care, detects disease earlier, and so on.

The two biggest changes I’ve noted since I did this analysis last year are (1) the emergence of autonomous systems in both the physical and virtual world and (2) startups shifting away from building broad technology platforms to focusing on solving specific business problems.

To track more on this topic see:

@BloombergBeta

@Shivon

 

Other Resources:

Great Reference Graphic To Keep Your Brain Engaged On All Elements Of Big Data

Spies Want Your Money: Look at this pinhole camera used to steal credit card numbers

Strategic Big Brain Science: NIH celebrates grand opening of John Edward Porter Neuroscience Research Center

AFFIRM Panel: Kirit Amin’s Concepts Continue To Have Positive Influence In Government Business Models

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